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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 20(6): 610-618, Nov.-Dec. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828160

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of binding various biological targets with high affinity and specificity. Their identification initially relies on a molecular process named SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) that has been later modified in order to improve aptamer sensitivity, minimize duration and cost of the assay, as well as increase target types. Several biochemical modifications can help to enhance aptamer stability without affecting significantly target interaction. As a result, aptamers have generated a large interest as promising tools to compete with monoclonal antibodies for detection and inhibition of specific markers of human diseases. One aptamer-based drug is currently authorized and several others are being clinically evaluated. Despite advances in the knowledge of parasite biology and host-parasite interactions from "omics" data, protozoan parasites still affect millions of people around the world and there is an urgent need for drug target discovery and novel therapeutic concepts. In this context, aptamers represent promising tools for pathogen identification and control. Recent studies have reported the identification of "aptasensors" for parasite diagnosis, and "intramers" targeting intracellular proteins. Here we discuss various strategies that have been employed for intracellular expression of aptamers and expansion of their possible application, and propose that they may be suitable for the clinical use of aptamers in parasitic infections.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parasitic Diseases/diagnosis , Parasitic Diseases/therapy , Aptamers, Nucleotide/genetics , SELEX Aptamer Technique/methods , Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods , Parasitic Diseases/prevention & control , Biomarkers/analysis
2.
Rev. invest. clín ; 54(4): 349-356, jul.-ago. 2002.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-332903

ABSTRACT

El desarrollo de mecanismos para evadir la acción de los fármacos y desarrollar resistencia a los mismos es un evento universal en los organismos vivos. Se presenta en virus, bacterias, hongos, plantas y animales. En una población de seres vivos algunos individuos son capaces de encender genes apagados, de mutar la secuencia de otros genes, de sintetizar nuevas moléculas para desarrollar los mecanismos que les permiten sobrevivir y perpetuar la especie en circunstancias adversas. La acumulación de eventos de adaptación y mutagénesis pueden dar lugar a la aparición de organismos con características diferentes a la mayoría de los individuos de su especie, las cuales al acumularse podrían constituir nuevas especies. De manera que los cambios para la adaptación y la sobrevivencia de los individuos constituyen en última instancia las bases de la evolución. Uno de los mecanismos que las células han desarrollado para sobrevivir en presencia de sustancias tóxicas es el llamado fenotipo de resistencia a múltiples drogas o MDR (por sus siglas en inglés, multidrug resistance). Este evento se caracteriza porque las células presentan resistencia a drogas con estructuras químicas y blancos de acción distintos. El fenotipo de MDR se descubrió primeramente en células transformadas de mamífero, las cuales expresan una glicoproteína de aproximadamente 170 kDa en su superficie, denominada Pgp. Posteriormente este mecanismo se ha descubierto en muchas especies, incluyendo a los protozoarios parásitos...


Subject(s)
Animals , Entamoeba histolytica , Antiprotozoal Agents , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Phenotype , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Cloning, Molecular , Genes, Protozoan , Genes, MDR , Emetine , Entamoeba histolytica , Gene Amplification , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/physiology , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Protozoan Proteins/physiology , Transcription, Genetic
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